What are the damages that can be claimed in a personal injury case?

What are the damages that can be claimed in a personal injury case?

In the realm of personal injury claims, the term “damages” signifies the financial compensation that a plaintiff seeks through legal action. These damages aim to alleviate the hardships caused by an injury or harm, aiming to restore the injured individual to their pre-incident condition.

We understand the importance of comprehending the various types of damages available in personal injury cases, especially here in Columbus, Ohio.

Types of Personal Injury Damages

In personal injury cases, there are three primary types of damages:

  1. Special Damages
  2. General Damages
  3. Punitive Damages

While special and general damages are commonly grouped as ‘compensatory damages’, each serves a distinct purpose in addressing the losses incurred by the injured party.

Let’s go over each of these.

A graph showing the types of personal injury damages

What Are ‘Compensatory Damages’?

Compensatory damages are intended to do just what the name says, “compensate” the injured party for the losses they’ve suffered due to the injury.

These damages come in two forms: special and general.

Special damages – encompass measurable economic losses, such as medical bills and lost wages. These expenses directly correlate with the financial impact of the injury on the plaintiff.

Examples of Special Damages
– Medical Bills: Costs incurred for necessary medical care.
– Rehabilitation Costs: Expenses related to therapy and recovery.
– Lost Earnings: Income lost due to missed work.
– Property Damage: Costs for repairing or replacing damaged property.
– Out-of-Pocket Expenses: Additional costs resulting from the injury.

How Are Special Damages Calculated?
Calculating special damages involves a thorough evaluation of all economic losses stemming from the injury. Detailed records of expenses, including medical bills and lost wages, are essential for an accurate assessment.

General damages – address non-economic losses that are not easily quantifiable, such as pain and suffering or loss of enjoyment of life.

Examples of General Damages
– Pain and Suffering: Physical discomfort endured due to the injury.
– Emotional Distress: Psychological impact caused by the injury.
– Loss of Enjoyment of Life: Impairment of daily activities and hobbies.
– Disfigurement or Physical Impairment: Permanent changes resulting from the injury.

How Are General Damages Calculated?
Calculating general damages involves considering various factors, including the severity and duration of pain and suffering, emotional impact, and impact on daily life.

What Are ‘Punitive Damages’?

Punitive damages, also known as exemplary damages, are awarded to punish the defendant for reckless or intentional misconduct. These damages serve to deter similar behavior in the future.

Examples of Punitive Damages
– Gross Negligence: Extreme carelessness resulting in harm.
– Fraud: Intentional deception causing injury.
– Defamation: False information damaging reputation.
– Malicious Conduct: Intentional harm inflicted on the plaintiff.
– Violations of Rights: Egregious disregard for the plaintiff’s rights.

How Are Punitive Damages Calculated?
The calculation of punitive damages considers the severity of misconduct, harm caused, defendant’s financial status, and comparative case law.

A personal injury attorney can get you the full amount of compensation possible.

If you’ve been injured due to someone else’s negligence, you may be entitled to compensatory and punitive damages. Charles Bendig is dedicated to helping you navigate the complexities of your case. We offer free consultations and personalized guidance to ensure you receive the justice and compensation you deserve.

Reach out to us today to discuss your case and explore your legal options. Your journey toward justice begins with us.

Filing a Personal Injury Claim: A Comprehensive Guide

Filing a Personal Injury Claim: A Comprehensive Guide

If you or a loved one suffered an injury due to someone else’s negligence, you may be considering filing a personal injury claim. While the process might seem daunting, it can be navigated step by step with the right guidance.

Understanding the Basics of a Personal Injury Claim

Before initiating a claim, it’s essential to cover the fundamentals. A personal injury occurs when an individual sustains physical or mental harm as a result of someone else’s actions or negligence. However, merely being injured does not automatically entitle one to compensation.

To have a valid personal injury claim, it must be established that the injury occurred due to the fault of another party.

For instance, if a reckless driver causes an accident resulting in injuries to other motorists or pedestrians, those individuals may have grounds for a personal injury claim.

Assessing Your Case: Key Considerations

Determining whether you have a viable personal injury claim involves asking critical questions about the circumstances surrounding your injury:

– Was your injury caused by someone else’s negligence or recklessness?
– Do you require extensive medical treatment for your injuries?
– Are you facing a prolonged recovery period?
– Have you experienced financial hardships as a result of the incident?
– Have you missed work due to your injury?
– Is there evidence demonstrating negligence or lack of care during the incident?

If you answered yes to any of these questions, you may have a valid basis for pursuing a personal injury claim. However, it’s crucial to seek guidance from a qualified attorney to assess the specifics of your case thoroughly. Call us.

Examples of Valid Personal Injury Claims

Personal injury claims can arise from a wide range of scenarios, including but not limited to:

Wrongful Death: Losing a loved one due to another party’s negligence or misconduct.
Car or Truck Accidents: Collisions involving motor vehicles resulting in injuries or property damage.
– Motorcycle Accidents: Incidents where motorcyclists sustain injuries due to the negligence of others.
– Nursing Home Abuse or Neglect: Instances of mistreatment or negligence in nursing care facilities.
Workplace Injuries or Workers’ Compensation: Injuries sustained while performing job-related duties.
– Medical Malpractice: Errors or negligence by healthcare professionals leading to patient harm.
– Premises Liability: Injuries occurring on another party’s property due to unsafe conditions or negligence.
– Slip and Fall Accidents: Injuries sustained from slipping or tripping on hazardous surfaces.
– Product Liability: Injuries caused by defective or dangerous products.
– Animal Attacks: Injuries resulting from pet or animal-related incidents.

How to File a Personal Injury Claim

Filing a successful personal injury claim involves several essential steps:

1. Seek Medical Attention: Obtain prompt medical treatment for your injuries and document all medical records and expenses.

2. Consult with a Personal Injury Attorney: Schedule a consultation with a reputable personal injury attorney to assess your case and explore your legal options. Call us: (614) 878-7777

3. Provide Notification: Notify the relevant parties involved in the incident of your intention to file a claim, adhering to specific legal requirements.

4. Gather Evidence: Collect relevant evidence, including medical records, witness statements, photographs, and documentation of financial losses.

5. File the Claim: Submit your claim to the appropriate insurance companies or legal entities, following the prescribed procedures.

6. Negotiate Settlement: Next, we will engage in negotiations with insurance adjusters or opposing parties to reach a fair settlement agreement.

7. Consider Arbitration: Explore the option of arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution method to expedite the resolution process.

This may seem daunting, but if you rely on the expertise and guidance of your personal injury attorney to navigate complex legal matters and advocate for your rights, you can pursue a personal injury claim with confidence and strive to obtain the compensation you deserve.

I’m Charles Bendig and I am dedicated to helping you through every aspect of your personal injury case and fighting for the justice and financial relief you need.

Let insurance pay for my medical bills or file a personal injury suit?

Let insurance pay for my medical bills or file a personal injury suit?

Medical bills are the most common reason people begin a personal injury case. It is not unreasonable that if a person or business causes injury to someone, that person or business should at least be liable for paying all medical bills resulting from the injury.

“But what if my own health insurance company has already paid for my medical bills? Does it make sense to sue the person or business that was responsible for my injury?”

Consider this example of a hypothetical man named Tom.

Tom is walking down the street when he is struck by a piece of machinery being operated by a construction worker hanging a new sign on a storefront. Tom is rushed to the hospital. His left shoulder requires immediate surgery. Over the course of several months, he also visits a physical therapist to strengthen his repaired shoulder. The treatments total $40,000 and Tom’s health insurance pays for everything, except the deductible, pain and suffering, and lost wages.

Needing reimbursement & compensation, Tom hires an attorney who files a lawsuit against a construction company involved in the project. Tom’s health insurance company files a lien against that lawsuit. By filing the lien, the insurance company is arguing, “Tom is the one who was injured, therefore it’s his prerogative to sue. However, we paid $40,000 for his medical care so his favorable judgment should reimburse us also.”

In most states, the health insurance company’s lien would be valid. Let’s assume that Tom goes to court and he is awarded $90,000 for medical costs, pain and suffering, and lost wages.

After reimbursing his health insurance company and paying his legal fees, Tom would receive approximately $20,300. That can greatly help to cover his bills and inconvenience.

If you or someone you know has been injured due to negligence, call (614) 878-7777 to discuss your case with attorney Chuck Bendig. The call is completely free and with no obligation.

4 Key Elements in a Wrongful Death Case

4 Key Elements in a Wrongful Death Case

‘wrongful death’ is a legal term describing the death of an individual caused by the misconduct or negligence of other people or entities. Typically an immediate family member(s) of the deceased victim will seek a wrongful death claim to obtain compensation for emotional and financial damages.

There are 4 key elements involved in a wrongful death as defined by law. Surviving members submitting a claim must prove each element to win a case for financial compensation.

Negligence:
The surviving family members or their legal representatives must prove that the death of their loved one was caused (in part or in whole) by the misconduct, carelessness, or negligent actions.

Breach of Duty: 
To be successful, it must be proven that the defendant owed a duty to the deceased victim. For example, the duty of a motorist is to drive safely and follow traffic laws. Doctors have the duty to maintain a patient’s health. It’s up to the plaintiff to establish how the defendant’s duty was breached through negligent actions.

Causation: 
In addition, the wrongful death lawsuit plaintiff must also prove how the defendant’s negligence caused their loved one’s death.

Damages: 
The death of the victim must have generated quantifiable damages such as hospitalization, medical expenses, funeral and burial costs, loss of income and potential earnings, guidance, and inheritance along with pain and suffering of the victim prior to death.

A wrongful death lawsuit is a civil action and not a criminal case, because of this, the burden of proof is set lower. In order to be successful, the lawsuit must be won on the preponderance of evidence as opposed to the standard set in a criminal case of being guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Selecting a skilled lawyer is an essential component when pursuing a civil action for wrongful death case.
Attorney Charles Bendig has won numerous wrongful death cases and can assist you with any questions or concerns you may have. Call today.

Light Impact Soft Tissue (LIST) Where Defendant Offers An Expert About Medical Injury

Light Impact Soft Tissue (LIST) Where Defendant Offers An Expert About Medical Injury

Light impact soft tissue personal injury cases are notoriously difficult to settle. Insurance companies take a hardline, at times refusing to pay even medical bills and a reasonable amount for pain and suffering. (In fairness to the defense, many times juries don’t compensate very much either).

A recent movement has been to attempt to hire an expert witness who will testify that based upon the damage to the vehicle, it is not possible for anyone to have been injured.

There are two fundamental problems to this expert witness testimony.

The first problem is the expert witness typically is not a licensed doctor or chiropractor. Instead the expert is either a mechanical engineer, or a traffic reconstruction retired police officer. Neither of these experts have the necessary medical training to offer testimony about medical causation of injury.

The second problem is the expert is not telling the jury anything they don’t already know. Any individual intuitively knows that automobile collisions with extensive property damage are more likely to produce injury than automobile collision with little or no property damage. Therefore, the expert adds little to the jury’s knowledge.

A recent Motion in Limine was before a magistrate of the Franklin County Common Pleas Court. The magistrate in his preliminary ruling sustained the motion, not allowing the expert testimony. (Case settled before trial).

The defense offered expert testimony through a company Introtech . Their credentials as traffic reconstruction experts were valid. The court found however that the testimony did not add information to the juror’s knowledge.

1) The totality of the expert’s opinion is that the small force shown by his studies leads to small or no injuries. How is that outside of the lay persons’ knowledge or experience? A little hit normally hurts less than a big hit. Azzano v. O’Malley-Clements, 126 Ohio App.3d 368 (8th Dist.) at page 376 wherein the Court stated: “. . . we conclude that jurors are capable of determining whether a plaintiff has sustained injury in a collision when they are presented with information concerning the details of that collision.”

2) The common idea of lay people is that a car accident with minimal property damage means a small chance that someone could be injured. Hence, the expert’s testimony does not dispel a misconception but supports the common understanding of a typical lay person and is therefore not needed and/or duplicative of other evidence addressing the same topic; i.e., photographs of the damage, the parties’ testimony concerning the size of impact, etc.

Will the testimony even be helpful? Will it be redundant? If allowed to be given/heard, will it be unduly prejudicial to the Plaintiff in a Evid.R. 403 analyses?

         All factors seem to weight against the testimony. (Decision Ward v Mitchell, et al., 17CV003533).

        Other cases have found non-medical experts cannot offer testimony on medical causation issues.

In Smelser v. Norfolk Southern Ry. Co., 105 F.3d 299, 46 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 468, 1997 FED App. 0033P (6th Cir. 1997), it was the plaintiff who proffered a biomechanical engineer to testify that a shoulder belt, not a lap belt, failed in an automobile accident, causing him injury. The Sixth Circuit found the expert’s opinion as to causation should have been excluded because it went beyond his expertise in biomechanics, and also lacked reliability. This was in part based on the biomechanical engineer’s admission:
“… that biomechanics are qualified to determine what injury causation forces are in general and can tell how a hypothetical person’s body will respond to these forces, but are not qualified to render medical opinions regarding the precise cause of a specific injury. He acknowledged that each individual person has his own tolerance level, and therefore, admitted he could testify only in general terms, i.e., that “X” forces would generally lead to “Y” injuries and “Y” injuries are consistent with those the plaintiff claims to have suffered.” [Emphasis added.]

In Azzano v. O’Malley-Clements, 126 Ohio App. 3d 368, 375–76, 710 N.E.2d 373, 377–78 (1998), the Appellate Court found reversible error in allowing any testimony by an expert with inadequate credentials, very comparable to credentials offered by Introtech employees.

Accident reconstruction is fundamentally different from biomedical engineering, and fundamentally different from medical training qualifying for stating a medical opinion.

“Cox testified that he is the chief executive officer of his Houston-based forensic engineering firm. He stated that since 1986, he has performed accident reconstruction and “biomechanical analysis,” which he defined as the “forces on the body, how the body responds to those forces.” He testified that the area is a hybrid between “engineering and medical” fields. Cox was also a police officer for five years and learned accident investigationHe had taken some engineering courses but did not complete his degree. He did not list any medical training. He stated that he had attended a conference which discussed human tolerance response to acceleration and has reviewed similar data in various journals. Cox also stated that he has done sixty to seventy impact tests in which **378 he measured structural deflection and body acceleration.

In this instance, he stated that the collision was “probably bumper to bumper.” He did not examine the cars involved in this collision but testified that he reviewed crash test data for Ford Tempos and Ford Rangers, which he obtained from the Internet, and also reviewed bumper standards issued by the federal government. He also conducted a crash test using a 1990 Chevrolet Lumina and a 1984 Ranger, and he admitted that the instant collision involved a 1993 Ford Tempo and a 1994 Ranger.

Cox testified that, based upon his review of papers which quantify muscle responses at crashes of various speeds, injuries generally occur where the occupants of a vehicle experience a 5.6 m.p.h. change in velocity. The papers were not identified and were not introduced into evidence, however. Cox opined that in this instance, the velocity change was less than five miles per hour. Further, despite the trial court’s initial determination that Cox could not testify as to what happens to the body in a collision, Cox stated that, based upon previous crash tests which he had performed, as well as “overwhelming literature,” “symptoms don’t occur” with this acceleration.

Reviewing this testimony within reference to Evid.R. 702, we note as a preliminary matter that no evidence was presented to demonstrate that Cox had ever been qualified to provide expert testimony in court. As to his specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the subject matter, Cox has no degree in his fieldSignificantly, Cox has no medical trainingIt is clear that Cox had experience evaluating crash test information, but the crash tests which he conducted involved vehicles of different years or models than those operated by the parties herein. Cox stated that he obtained general crash test information concerning the types of vehicles from the Internet and federal bumper standards. These documents were not introduced into evidence, however.

Further, Cox admitted that the characteristics of the occupants, including their height, weight, and seating positions, can determine whether an injury will occur, but there was no evidence that he considered plaintiff Paul Azzano’s characteristics in this matter. Thus, we believe that while Cox may be qualified to perform accident reconstruction and to evaluate the forces interacting in a collision, he was not properly qualified to opine regarding the likelihood of bodily symptoms resulting from such collision.

Considering the next factor, we conclude that jurors are capable of determining whether a plaintiff has sustained injury in a collision when they are presented with information concerning the details of that collision. While expert testimony can be helpful, it is not required. Rather, the jurors, as determiners of credibility, must decide whether an injury claim is genuine. Moreover, Cox’s testimony was premised upon his claim that the accident was “probably bumper to bumper.”

Next, it is unclear to us whether Cox’s testimony was based in whole or major part upon his own observations, rather than the conclusions of others or other hearsay. Indeed, Cox testified that there is “overwhelming literature” indicating that symptoms of injury would not occur under the acceleration he calculated in this matter, but literature was not subject to cross-examination and supporting data were not identified or introduced.

Considering all of the foregoing, we must conclude that in this case, the trial court’s decision to admit the expert’s testimony was an abuse of discretion.” Azzano v. O’Malley-Clements, 126 Ohio App. 3d 368, 375–76, 710 N.E.2d 373, 377–78 (1998)

In Rybaczewski v. Kingsley, 1998 WL 200227 (Ohio Ct. App. 6th Dist. Lucas County 1998), on reconsideration in part, 1998 WL 372723 (Ohio Ct. App. 6th Dist. Lucas County 1998) the Appellate Court found “The most that (the biomechanical engineer) should have been permitted to testify to was the amount of force appellant experienced in the accident.”;
“We find that (the biomechanical engineer) did offer a “medical opinion” when he stated that Mr. Rybaczewski was not injured by the accident. This is a question that requires expert medical testimony by a physician. The most that King should have been permitted to testify to was the amount of force appellant experienced in the accident. Rybaczewski v. Kingsley, No. L-97-1048, 1998 WL 200227, at *6 (Ohio Ct. App. Apr. 24, 1998), on reconsideration in part, No. L-97- 1048, 1998 WL 372723 (Ohio Ct. App. June 29, 1998)

Impressive credentials are no substitute for a medical or chiropractic license. The plaintiffs’ expert in Gammill v Jack Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 713, Prod. Liab. Rep. (CCH) P 15362 (Tex. 1998), a professor of mechanical engineering who, (unlike most designated experts), had actually “conducted research in mechanics, dynamics, biomechanics, vehicle occupant kinematics, and vehicle occupant restraint systems” (id. at 716), while qualified to opine whether a seatbelt was defective, lacked any qualifications to testify as to the cause of an infant’s death in a car crash.

In Cromer v. Mulkey Enterprises, Inc., 254 Ga. App. 388, 562 S.E.2d 783 (2002), causation testimony was precluded despite the biomechanical engineer’s Ph.D. in physics, his 22 years of university study of the behavior of materials under different levels of stress, impact, and assault, his participation in seminars on low-speed automobile accidents, and his authoring a book on low-speed impacts and biomechanics.

Even if the expert has some medical education, this does not qualify him to render an injury-causation opinion. In Salerno v. Tudor, 2002 WL 120608 (Cal. App. 1st Dist. 2002), unpublished the biomechanical engineer, who had taught anatomy at Davis Medical School and worked in the spine clinic at California Davis Medical Center, testified that there was “no mechanism for a herniation— herniated disk” in the subject rear-end collision. Ruling this was improper, the appellate court stated:
Since Liptai was not a medical doctor, she was improperly providing the jury with assistance in determining the ultimate issue: whether the force could have caused Salerno to suffer a herniated disk. She had a specialized knowledge about the forces caused by the accident, but she did not have the training and experience to testify that Salerno did not suffer a herniated disk. [Emphasis added.]

The biomechanical expert in Combs v. Norfolk and Western Ry. Co., 256 Va. 490, 507 S.E.2d 355 (1998), besides being a professor of engineering, science and mechanics, and the director of biomedical engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, had a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering, a Ph.D. in biomedical engineering, and a master’s degree in medical science. Yet the Virginia Supreme Court found he should not have been allowed to opine as to whether the plaintiff could have ruptured a disk in the subject car accident. Recognizing that the very concept of allowing this type of testimony purports to elevate the biomechanical engineer’s opinion over that of a physician who has examined, diagnosed and treated plaintiff, and equating the proposed testimony to practicing medicine (without a license) the Virginia Supreme Court wrote:

The practice of medicine includes the diagnosis and treatment of human physical ailments, conditions, diseases, pain, and infirmities. The term “diagnose” is defined as “to determine the type and cause of a health condition on the basis of signs and symptoms of the patient.” Mosby’s Medical Dictionary 480 (5th ed.1998). Thus, the question of causation of a human injury is a component part of a diagnosis, which in turn is part of the practice of medicine.

Schneck was qualified at trial as an expert in the field of biomechanical engineering and he was competent to render an opinion on the compression forces placed on Combs’ spine at the time of the incident. However, Schneck was not a medical doctor and, thus, was not qualified to state an expert medical opinion regarding what factors cause a human disc to rupture.

If the court decides to allow this type of testimony. There are several articles compiling medical research establishing there is no minimum threshold of property damage for injury. These articles emphasize that thousands of different configurations of the human body at the moment of impact make it impossible to predict injury based on property damage, where a different configuration at the time of impact, results in substantially increased vulnerability and probability of injury. Injury Threshold: Whiplash Associated Disorders, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 23, Number 6, August 2000, Pages 420-427; Rear-end Impacts: Vehicle And Occupant Response , Journal Of Manipulative And Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 21, Number 9, Pages 629-639. Plaintiff’s expert can review these and refer to them, if he/she finds them to be reliable authority. Ohio Evid. R. 803 (18). 
Conclusion
If you represent a plaintiff in a personal injury case with low property damage, and the defense offers expert testimony, you should file a Motion in Limine, to exclude this testimony.

If the court over rules the motion, consider having your medical expert witness refer to research articles explaining why there is no minimum threshold of property damage for personal injury.

​-Charlles Bendig